张宗禹
Multi tool use
张宗禹，在《清史稿》被蔑稱為張總愚，外号小阎王，安徽亳州雉河集（今涡阳）人，清末捻军首领。
生平
宗禹出身地主家庭；1855年跟隨族叔、张乐行参加雉河集会盟。后转战苏、豫、陕、鄂、皖，太平天国封其為梁王。
1863年張樂行被清兵所殺後，張宗禹統領其眾繼續作戰，1864年捻軍与太平天国遵王赖文光部合编，組成新捻军，在湖北、安徽、山东等地，以骑兵为主，步兵配合，流动作战。
1865年歼灭清僧格林沁科尔沁親王部，殺僧格林沁，震動華北；并粉碎湘军曾国藩的封锁。
1866年捻軍分為東西兩支，張宗禹率西捻军从河南入陕，联合回民军。1867年1月，西捻軍于西安灞桥大败清军。同年12月，西捻軍为援助遵王赖文光所率东捻军，从陕北东下，经山西至直隶。
宗禹得悉東捻軍覆敗後，打算返回陝西，為清軍所阻，只好轉戰直隸、河南、山東一帶。西捻軍一度逼近天津，然後南下山东；次年7月被清军包围，在济阳玉林镇战败。
1868年8月，从荏平南镇渡过骇河边，下落不明，一說是投水而死。[1]另一說渡河后定居在沧县孔家庄。1890年代去世。安葬在孔家庄。[2]还有一说张宗禹出家为僧。[3]
注釋
^ 关于张宗禹的下落，史书记载各异，众说纷纭。《清史稿》载：“茌平之战，全军溃败。率十余骑突围而出，不知所终。”《中国近代史资料丛刊》 载：“宗禹独以八骑窜秫中，走茌平，至徒骇河。……追兵且及，自度不能生，谓其骑曰：‘盍弃我去！天亡我，我将死！’其骑不忍，将举炮击之，其乃遁。顾四面皆水，无所亡，反视宗禹，惟所乘马在。问隔岸耕者，曰：‘适一人蒙袂下马入河死矣。’”《捻军史料丛刊》载：“逆首张总愚（宗禹）已投水死，尚未搜获尸身云云。”
^ 民国版《沧县志》中记载：“清同治七年，西捻张总愚（宗禹）之乱，官书谓捻窜在茌平境之广平镇，被围于徒骇、黄、运之间，大股歼灭，张总愚携八骑至徒骇河滨投水死。然故老或谓此督师之锦词也。张酋败后，逃至邑治东北之孔家庄，变姓名为童子师，后二十余年病死即葬于其庄，至今抔土尚存焉。其临殁时告人曰：‘吾张总愚也。’先是庄人十五见其醉饮时辄持杯微呼曰‘杀呀’，因怀疑莫释，至是始恍然。”
^ 涡阳城北十八里有吴桥集，去宗禹故里张大庄仅八里。设县之后，（《张宗禹传略》）作者曾祖王从义。与人伙营粮行于吴桥。司斗某君，旧为宗禹荷大旗者也。一日将夕，有僧人借宿，司斗与之连床而眠。天犹未晓，僧人起唤销曰：“汝识我否？”司斗答以从未相见，何由识？僧曰：“汝试思之”。司斗恍然悟为宗禹，而宗禹即踏月而去，莫知何往，此系司斗亲告作者曾祖，而曾祖转告祖父王化裁者，信而有征，非诞说也。初自宗禹败没。其祖茔每年必发现纸灰一次，众固疑其未死。迨先曾祖之司斗亲晤宗禹之后，其祖坟前永不再见灰矣。
參考資料
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