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An heir apparent or heiress apparent is a person who is first in a line of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person. An heir presumptive, by contrast, is someone who is first in line to inherit a title but who can be displaced by the birth of a more eligible heir.

Today these terms most commonly describe heirs to hereditary titles (e.g. titles of nobility) or offices, especially when only inheritable by a single person. Most monarchies refer to the heir apparent of their thrones with the descriptive term of crown prince but these heirs may also be accorded with a more specific substantive title, such as Prince of Orange in the Netherlands, Duke of Brabant in Belgium, Prince of Asturias in Spain, or Prince of Wales in the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. In France the title was le Dauphin, in Imperial Russia it was Tsesarevich.^[1]

The term is also used metaphorically to indicate an "anointed" successor to any position of power, e.g. a political or corporate leader.

This article primarily describes the term heir apparent in a hereditary system regulated by laws of primogeniture—as opposed to cases where a monarch has a say in naming the heir.

Heir apparent vs. heir presumptive

Throngs before the Imperial Palace in Japan awaiting the appearance of the Crown Prince Hirohito for the recent proclamation of his official recognition as the heir apparent to the Japanese Imperial Throne – New York Times, 1916.

In a hereditary system governed by some form of primogeniture, an heir apparent is easily identifiable as the person whose position as first in the line of succession to a title or office is secure, regardless of future births. An heir presumptive, by contrast, can always be "bumped down" in the succession by the birth of somebody more closely related in a legal sense (according to that form of primogeniture) to the current title-holder.

The clearest example occurs in the case of a holder of a hereditary title, one that can only be inherited by a single person, with no children. If at any time he were to produce children, they (the offspring of the title-holder) rank ahead of whatever more "distant" relative (the title-holder's sibling, perhaps, or a nephew or cousin) had been heir presumptive.

Many legal systems assume childbirth is always possible regardless of age or health. In such circumstances a person may be, in a practical sense, the heir apparent but still, legally speaking, heir presumptive. Indeed, when Queen Victoria succeeded her uncle King William IV, the wording of the proclamation even gave as a caveat:

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...saving the rights of any issue of his late Majesty King William IV, which may be born of his late Majesty's consort.

This provided for the possibility that William's wife, Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, was pregnant at the moment of his death, since such a posthumous child, regardless of its sex, would have displaced Victoria from the throne.^[2] Adelaide was 44 at the time, so pregnancy was possible even if unlikely.

Daughters in male-preference primogeniture

Daughters (and their lines) may inherit titles that descend according to male-preference primogeniture, but only in default of sons (and their heirs). That is, both female and male offspring have the right to a place somewhere in the order of succession, but when it comes to what that place is, a female will rank behind her brothers regardless of their ages or her age.

Thus, normally, even an only daughter will not be heir apparent, since at any time a brother might be born who, though younger, would assume that position. Hence, she is an heir presumptive. For example, Queen Elizabeth II was heir presumptive during the reign of her father, King George VI, because at any stage up to his death, George could have fathered a legitimate son.

Women as heirs apparent

In a system of absolute primogeniture that disregards gender, female heirs apparent occur. As succession to titles, positions, or offices in the past most often favoured males than females, females considered to be an heir apparent were rare. Absolute primogeniture was not practised by any modern monarchy for succession to their thrones until the late twentieth century with Sweden being the first to adopt absolute primogeniture in 1980 and other Western European monarchies following suit.

Since the adoption of absolute primogeniture by contemporary Western European monarchies, examples of female heirs apparent include: Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden, Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, and Princess Elisabeth of Belgium; these, respectively the oldest children of Kings Carl XVI Gustaf, Willem-Alexander, and Philippe. Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway is heir apparent to her father (who is heir apparent to the Norwegian throne), and Victoria herself has a female heir apparent in her oldest child, Princess Estelle. Victoria was not heir apparent from birth (in 1977), but gained the status in 1980 following a change in the Swedish Act of Succession. Her younger brother Carl Philip (born 1979) was thus heir apparent for a few months (and is a rare example of an heir apparent losing this status without a death occurring).

In 2015, pursuant to the 2011 Perth Agreement, the Commonwealth realms changed the rules of succession to the 16 thrones of Elizabeth II to absolute primogeniture, except for male heirs born before the Perth Agreement. The effects are not likely to be felt for many years; the first two heirs at the time of the agreement (Charles, Prince of Wales, and his son Prince William, Duke of Cambridge) were already eldest born children, and in 2013, William's first-born son Prince George of Cambridge became the next apparent successor.

But even in legal systems that apply male-preference primogeniture, female heirs apparent are by no means impossible: if a male heir apparent dies leaving no sons but at least one daughter, then the eldest daughter would replace her father as heir apparent to whatever throne or title is concerned, but only when it has become clear that the widow of the deceased is not pregnant. Then, as the representative of her father's line she would assume a place ahead of any more distant relatives. Such a situation has not to date occurred with the English or British throne; several times an heir apparent has died, but each example has either been childless or left a son or sons. However, there have been several female heirs apparent to British peerages (e.g. Frances Ward, 6th Baroness Dudley, and Henrietta Wentworth, 6th Baroness Wentworth).

In one special case, however, England and Scotland had a female heir apparent. The Revolution settlement that established William and Mary as joint monarchs in 1689 only gave the power to continue the succession through issue to Mary II, eldest daughter of the previous king, James II. William, by contrast, was to reign for life only, and his (hypothetical) children by a wife other than Mary would be placed in his original place (as Mary's first cousin) in the line of succession – after Mary's younger sister Anne. Thus, although after Mary's death William continued to reign, he had no power to beget direct heirs,^[3] and Anne became the heir apparent for the remainder of William's reign. She eventually succeeded him as Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland.

Displacement of heirs apparent

The position of an heir apparent is normally unshakable: it can be assumed they will inherit. Sometimes, however, extraordinary events—such as the death or the deposition of the parent—intervene.

People who lost heir apparent status

Parliament deposed James Francis Edward Stuart, the infant son of King James II & VII (of England and Scotland respectively) whom James II was raising as a Catholic, as the King's legal heir apparent—declaring that James had, de facto, abdicated— and offered the throne to James II's oldest daughter, the young prince's much older Protestant half-sister, Mary (along with her husband, Prince William of Orange). When the exiled King James died in 1701, his Jacobite supporters proclaimed the exiled Prince James Francis Edward as King James III of England and James VIII of Scotland; but neither he nor his descendants were ever successful in their bids for the throne.

Crown Prince Gustav (later known as Gustav, Prince of Vasa), son of Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, lost his place when his father was deposed and replaced by Gustav IV Adolf's aged uncle, the Duke Carl, who became Charles XIII of Sweden in 1809. The aged King Charles XIII did not have surviving sons, and Prince Gustav was the only living male of the whole dynasty (besides his deposed father), but the prince was never regarded as heir of Charles XIII, although there were factions in the Riksdag and elsewhere in Sweden who desired to preserve him, and, in the subsequent constitutional elections, supported his election as his grand-uncle's successor. Instead, the government proceeded to have a new crown prince elected (which was the proper constitutional action, if no male heir was left in the dynasty), and the Riksdag elected first August, Prince of Augustenborg, and then, after August's death, the Prince of Ponte Corvo (Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, who acceeded as Charles XIV John in 1818). The two lines united later, when Charles XIV John's great-grandson Crown Prince Gustaf (who acceeded as Gustaf V in 1907) married Gustav IV Adolf's great-granddaughter Victoria of Baden, who became Crown Princess of Sweden. Thus, from Gustav VI Adolf onwards, the kings of Sweden are direct descendants of both Gustav IV Adolf and his son's replacement as crown prince, Charles XIV John.

Prince Carl Philip of Sweden, at his birth in 1979, was heir apparent to the throne of Sweden. Less than eight months later, a change in that country's succession laws instituted absolute primogeniture, and Carl Philip was supplanted as heir apparent by his elder sister Victoria.

Muqrin bin Abdulaziz became Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia in January 2015 upon the death of his half-brother King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and the accession of another half-brother, Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, to the Saudi throne. In April of that year, Salman removed Muqrin as Crown Prince, replacing him with their nephew Muhammad bin Nayef. Muhammad bin Nayef himself was later replaced as Crown Prince by the king's son Mohammad bin Salman.

Breaching legal qualification of heirs apparent

In some jurisdictions, an heir apparent can automatically lose that status by breaching certain constitutional rules. Today, for example:

A British heir apparent would lose this status if he became a Catholic. This is the only religion-based restriction on the heir-apparent. Previously, marrying a Catholic also equated to losing this status, however, in October 2011, the governments of the 16 Commonwealth realms —of which Queen Elizabeth II is monarch— agreed to remove the restriction on marriage to a Catholic. All of the Commonwealth realms subsequently passed legislation to implement the change, which fully took effect in March 2015.

Swedish Crown Princes and Crown Princesses would lose heir apparent status, according to the Act of Succession, if they married without approval of the monarch and the Government, abandoned the "pure Evangelical faith", or accepted another throne without the approval of the Riksdag.

Dutch Princes and Princesses of Orange would lose status as heir to the throne if they married without the approval of the States-General, or simply renounced the right.

Spanish Princes and Princesses of Asturias would lose status if they married against the express prohibition of the monarch or the Cortes.

Belgian Dukes and Duchesses of Brabant would lose heir apparent status if they married without the consent of the monarch, or became monarch of another country.

Danish Crown Princes and Princesses would lose status if they married without the permission of the monarch. When the monarch grants permission for a dynast to enter marriage, he may set conditions that must be met for the dynasts and/or their children to gain or maintain a place in the line of succession; this also applies for Crown Princes and Princesses.

Current heirs apparent

Country	Name of Heir apparent	Title	Date of Birth (age)	Relation to Monarch
Bahrain	Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa	Crown Prince of Bahrain, Deputy King	(1985-08-31) August 31, 1985 (age 33)	eldest son
Belgium	Elisabeth	Princess, Duchess of Brabant	(2001-10-25) October 25, 2001 (age 16)	eldest child
Bhutan	Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck	Crown Prince of Bhutan, Druk Gyalsey of Bhutan	(2016-02-05) February 5, 2016 (age 2)	eldest son
Brunei	Al-Muhtadee Billah	Crown Prince of Brunei Darussalam	(1974-02-17) February 17, 1974 (age 44)	eldest son
Denmark	Frederik	Crown Prince of Denmark, Count of Monpezat,	(1968-05-26) May 26, 1968 (age 50)	eldest child
Japan	Naruhito	Crown Prince of Japan	(1960-02-23) February 23, 1960 (age 58)	eldest son
Jordan	Hussein bin Abdullah	Crown Prince of Jordan	(1994-06-28) June 28, 1994 (age 24)	eldest son
Kuwait	Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah	Sheikh, Crown prince of Kuwait	(1937-06-25) June 25, 1937 (age 81)	half-younger brother
Lesotho	Lerotholi Seeiso	Crown Prince of Lesotho	(2007-04-18) April 18, 2007 (age 11)	eldest son
Liechtenstein	Alois	Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein	(1968-06-11) June 11, 1968 (age 50)	eldest son
Luxembourg	Guillaume	Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg	(1981-11-11) November 11, 1981 (age 36)	eldest child
Monaco	Jacques	Hereditary Prince of Monaco, Marquis of Baux	(2014-12-10) December 10, 2014 (age 3)	eldest son
Morocco	Moulay Hassan	Crown Prince of Morocco	(2003-05-08) May 8, 2003 (age 15)	eldest son
Netherlands	Catharina-Amalia	Princess of Orange	(2003-12-07) December 7, 2003 (age 14)	eldest child
Norway	Haakon Magnus	Crown Prince of Norway	(1973-07-20) July 20, 1973 (age 45)	eldest son
Saudi Arabia	Mohammad bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud	Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia	(1985-08-31) August 31, 1985 (age 33)	child
Sweden	Victoria	Crown Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland	(1977-07-14) July 14, 1977 (age 41)	eldest child
Tonga	Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala	Crown Prince of Tonga	(1985-09-17) September 17, 1985 (age 33)	eldest son
United Kingdom and the rest of The Commomwealth	Charles	Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay	(1948-11-14) November 14, 1948 (age 69)	eldest son
Dubai	Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum	Sheikh, Crown Prince of Dubai	(1982-11-14) November 14, 1982 (age 35)	second son

Heirs apparent who never inherited the throne

Heirs apparent who predeceased the monarch

Heir apparent	Lived	Heir of	Cause of death
Yukou	BC 672	Duke Xuan of Chen	Killed
Liu Ju	BC 128–BC 91	Emperor Wu of Han	Killed
Pacorus I	Died BC 38	Orodes II of Parthia	Killed in battle
Gaius Caesar	BC 20–4 AD	Augustus	Wounds
Lucius Caesar	BC 17–2 AD	Augustus	Sudden illness
Germanicus	BC 15–19 AD	Tiberius	Mysterious illness
Drusus Julius Caesar	BC 13–23 AD	Tiberius	Suspected poisoning
Nero Julius Caesar	6–31	Tiberius	Starvation
Drusus Caesar	7–33	Tiberius	Starvation
Tiberius Gemellus	19–37	Caligula	Killed
Lucius Aelius	101–138	Hadrian	Hemorrhage
Marcus Annius Verus Caesar	162–169	Marcus Aurelius	Natural causes
Sun Deng	209–241	Emperor Da of Wu	Illness
Valerian II	Died 258	Gallienus	Died under mysterious circumstances
Li Jiancheng	589–626	Emperor Gaozu of Tang	Killed during the Xuanwu Gate Incident
Mardanshah	Died 628	Khosrow II	Killed
Saint Emeric of Hungary	1007–1031	Stephen I of Hungary	Hunting accident
William Adelin	1103–1120	Henry I of England	Drowned in the White Ship disaster
Henry of Scotland	1114–1152	David I of Scotland	Illness
Eustace IV, Count of Boulogne	1127–1153	Stephen, King of England	Sudden death
Henry Berengar	1136–1150	Conrad III of Germany	Illness
William IX, Count of Poitiers	1153–1156	Henry II of England	Seizure
Henry the Young King	1155–1183	Henry II of England	Dysentery
Sigurd Lavard	Died 1200	Sverre of Norway	Unknown cause
Alexios Palaiologos	Died 1203	Alexios III Angelos	Natural causes
Andronikos Palaiologos	Died 1216	Theodore I Laskaris	Disease
Haakon the Young	1232–1257	Haakon IV of Norway	Illness
Louis of France	1244–1260	Louis IX of France	Illness
George, son of David VII of Georgia	1250–1268	David VII of Georgia	Bowel disease
Louis of France	1264–1276	Philip III of France	Illness
Alexander, Prince of Scotland	1264–1284	Alexander III of Scotland	Illness
Henry, son of Edward I	1268–1274	Edward I of England	Illness
Alphonso, Earl of Chester	1273–1284	Edward I of England	Illness
Eric Christoffersen of Denmark	1307–1332	Christopher II of Denmark	Died in battle
Edward, the Black Prince	1330–1376	Edward III of England	A long lasting illness
Christopher, Duke of Lolland	1341–1363	Valdemar IV of Denmark	Illness
Zhu Biao	1355–1392	Hongwu Emperor	Illness
Martin I of Sicily	1374–1409	Martin of Aragon	Malaria
David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay	1378–1402	Robert III of Scotland	Starvation
Henry V of England	1387–1422	Charles VI of France (by the Treaty of Troyes)	Dysentery
Peter of Aragon	1394–1400	Martin I of Sicily and Maria, Queen of Sicily	Wound from spear
Louis, Duke of Guyenne	1397–1415	Charles VI of France	Dysentery
John, Duke of Touraine	1398–1417	Charles VI of France	Abscess to the head
Martin of Aragon	1406–1407	Martin I of Sicily	Illness
Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York	1411–1460	Henry VI of England (by Act of Accord)	Killed in battle
Charles, Prince of Viana	1421–1461	John II of Aragon and Navarre	Unknown causes
Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay	1430	James I of Scotland	Illness
Gaston, Prince of Viana	1444–1470	Gaston IV, Count of Foix	Wounds in jousting tournament
John, Prince of Portugal	1451	Afonso V of Portugal	Sudden death
Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales	1453–1471	Henry VI of England	Killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury
Ivan the Young	1458–1490	Ivan III of Russia	Gout
Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales	1473–1484	Richard III of England	Unknown
Afonso, Prince of Portugal	1475–1491	John II of Portugal	Horse riding accident
John, Prince of Asturias	1478–1497	Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon	Tuberculosis
Philip I of Castile	1478–1506	Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor	Typhoid fever
Arthur, Prince of Wales	1486–1502	Henry VII of England	Unknown illness
Charles Orlando, Dauphin of France	1492–1495	Charles VIII of France	Measles
Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal	1498–1500	Manuel I of Portugal	Illness
James, Duke of Rothesay	1507–1508	James IV of Scotland	Illness
Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay	1509–1510	James IV of Scotland	Illness
Henry, Duke of Cornwall	1511	Henry VIII of England	Sudden death
Şehzade Mustafa	1515–1553	Suleiman the Magnificent	Executed
Francis III, Duke of Brittany	1518–1536	Francis I of France	Tuberculosis
Bhoj Raj	Died 1526	Rana Sanga	Died in battle
Afonso, Prince of Portugal	1526	John III of Portugal	Illness
Prince George of Kakheti	1529–1561	Levan of Kakheti	Died in battle
Manuel, Prince of Portugal	1531–1537	John III of Portugal	Illness
Philip, Prince of Portugal	1533–1539	John III of Portugal	Illness
John, Crown Prince of Portugal	1537–1554	John III of Portugal	Tuberculosis or diabetes
James, Duke of Rothesay	1540–1541	James V of Scotland	Illness
Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia	1552–1553	Ivan IV of Russia	Drowned
Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia	1554–1581	Ivan IV of Russia	Wounds to the head
Prince George of Kakheti	1570–1605	Alexander II of Kakheti	Killed alongside his father
Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias	1571–1578	Philip II of Spain	Dysentery
Diego, Prince of Asturias	1575–1582	Philip II of Spain	Smallpox
Philip de' Medici	1577–1582	Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany	Hydrocephalus
Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales	1594–1612	James I of England	Typhoid fever
Christian, Prince-Elect of Denmark	1603–1647	Christian IV of Denmark	Illness
Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers	1609–1631	Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat	Illness
Henry Frederick, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate	1614–1629	Frederick V, Elector Palatine	Drowned
Dara Shikoh	1615–1659	Shah Jahan	Killed by his brother Aurangzeb
Ercole, Marquis of Baux	1623–1651	Honoré II, Prince of Monaco	Gunshot wound
Ferdinand Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Baden	1625–1669	William, Margrave of Baden-Baden	Hunting accident
Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias	1626–1646	Philip IV of Spain	Smallpox
Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans	1633–1654	Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor	Smallpox
Theodosius III, Duke of Braganza and Prince of Brazil	1634–1653	John IV of Portugal	Tuberculosis
Sigismund Casimir	1640–1647	Władysław IV Vasa	Dysentery
Tsarevich Dmitry Alexeyevich of Russia	1648–1649	Alexis of Russia	Illness
Prince Luarsab of Kartli	Died 1652	Rostom of Kartli	Gunshot wound
Tsarevich Alexei Alexeyevich of Russia	1654–1670	Alexis of Russia	Illness
Leopold George, Hereditary Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg	1654–1675	William Christoph, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg	Illness
Prince Mamuka of Imereti	Died 1654	Rostom of Kartli	Died in captivity
Charles, Electoral Prince of Brandenburg	1655–1674	Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg	Dysentery
Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias	1657–1661	Philip IV of Spain	Epileptic attack
Louis, le grand Dauphin	1661–1711	Louis XIV of France	Smallpox
Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany	1663–1713	Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany	Illness
Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma	1666–1693	Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma	Illness
Archduke Leopold Joseph of Austria	1682–1684	Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor	Illness
Louis, Dauphin and Duke of Burgundy	1682–1712	Louis XIV of France	Measles
João, Prince of Brazil	1688	Peter II of Portugal	Illness
Joseph Ferdinand, Electoral Prince of Bavaria	1692–1699	Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria	Sudden illness
Count Palatine Joseph Charles of Sulzbach	1694–1729	Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach	Illness
Crown Prince Friedrich Ludwig	1698–1731	Eberhard Louis, Duke of Württemberg	Illness
Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont	1699–1715	Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia	Smallpox
Archduke Leopold Joseph of Austria	1700–1701	Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor	Hydrocephalus
Frédéric Maurice Casimir de La Tour d'Auvergne	1702–1723	Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne	Illness
Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach	1703–1732	Charles III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach	Illness
Louis, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine	1704–1711	Leopold, Duke of Lorraine	Smallpox
Joseph, Hereditary Prince of Hesse-Rotenburg	1705–1744	Ernest Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg	Illness
Ludwig Gruno of Hesse-Homburg	1705–1745	Frederick III, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg	Illness
Louis, Dauphin and Duke of Brittany	1707–1712	Louis XIV of France	Measles
Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine	1707–1723	Leopold, Duke of Lorraine	Smallpox
Frederick, Prince of Wales	1707–1751	George II of Great Britain	A burst abscess in the lung
Pedro, Prince of Brazil	1712–1714	John V of Portugal	Unknown disease
Louis, Dauphin of France	1729–1765	Louis XV of France	Tuberculosis
Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden	1755–1801	Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden	Illness
José, Prince of Brazil	1761–1788	Maria I of Portugal	Smallpox
Charles August, Crown Prince of Sweden	1768–1810	Charles XIII of Sweden	Stroke
Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt-Dessau	1769–1814	Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau	Illness
Carlo, Duke of Calabria	1775–1778	Ferdinand IV of Naples	Smallpox
Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin	1778–1819	Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin	Illness
Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France	1781–1789	Louis XVI of France	Tuberculosis
Abbas Mirza	1789–1833	Fath-Ali Shah Qajar	Illness
Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans	1810–1842	Louis-Philippe of France	Carriage accident
Tēvita ʻUnga	1824–1879	George Tupou I	Liver aliment
Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium	1833–1834	Leopold I of Belgium	Inflammation of mucous membrane
Victoria Kamāmalu	1838–1866	Kamehameha V	Illness
Keaweaweulaokalani	1839	Kamehameha III	Illness
Keaweaweulaokalani	1842	Kamehameha III	Illness
Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsarevich of Russia	1843–1865	Alexander II of Russia	Meningitis
William, Prince of Orange	1843–1879	William III of the Netherlands	Debauchery
Vuna Takitakimālohi	1844–1862	George Tupou I	Illness
Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil	1845–1847	Pedro II of Brazil	Epilepsy
Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	1844–1894	Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Illness
Trailokya, Crown Prince of Nepal	1847–1878	Surendra of Nepal	Unknown causes
Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil	1848–1850	Pedro II of Brazil	Fever
ʻElisiva Fusipala Taukiʻonetuku	1850–1889	George Tupou I	Illness
Alexander, Prince of Orange	1851–1884	William III of the Netherlands	Typhus
Leleiohoku II	1854–1877	Kalākaua	Rheumatic fever
ʻUelingatoni Ngū	1854–1885	George Tupou I	Illness
Ludvonga	1855–1872	Mswati II	Poisoned
Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt	1855–1886	Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt	Illness
Albert Kamehameha	1858–1862	Kamehameha IV	Meningitis
Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria	1858–1889	Franz Joseph I of Austria	Suicide (disputed)
Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant	1859–1869	Leopold II of Belgium	Pneumonia, after falling into a pond
Nalesoni Laifone	1859–1889	George Tupou I	Illness
Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	1874–1899	Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Unclear circumstances
Maha Vajirunhis, Crown Prince of Siam	1878–1895	Rama V	Typhoid
Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal	1887–1908	Carlos I of Portugal and the Algarves	Jointly assassinated with his father
Hamad bin Abdullah Al Thani	1896–1948	Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani	Illness
Turki I bin Abdulaziz Al Saud	1900–1919	Ibn Saud	Flu
Sultan, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia	1925–2011	Abdullah of Saudi Arabia	Illness
Muhammed Akbar Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan	1933–1941	Mohammed Zahir Shah	Illness
Nayef, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia	1934–2012	Abdullah of Saudi Arabia	Illness

Heirs apparent who were forced to abandon their claim

Heir apparent	Lived	Heir of	Forced out
Crown Prince Mian	Died 707 BC	Duke Huan of Chen	Killed by uncle Chen Tuo
Kunala	Born 263 BC	Ashoka	Blinded
Agrippa Postumus	BC 12–14 AD	Augustus	Banished
Niketas the Persian	Died 636	Shahrbaraz	Killed after 40 days of rule
Prince Kusakabe	662–689	Emperor Tenmu	Did not assume throne
Alexios Mosele	9th century	Theophilos	Disinherited for rebellion
Al-Abbas ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun	Died 884	Ahmad ibn Tulun	Attempted to overthrow his father
Al-Malik al-Aziz	Died 1049	Jalal al-Dawla	Late ruler's nephew took the throne instead
Conrad II of Italy	1074–1101	Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor	Disinherited for rebellion
William I, Count of Boulogne	1137–1159	Stephen, King of England	Treaty of Wallingford
Demna of Georgia	1155–1178	David V of Georgia	Imprisoned, blinded and castrated by his uncle, King George III of Georgia
Henry (VII) of Germany	1211–1242	Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor	Disinherited for rebellion
James of Majorca	1275–1330	James II of Majorca	Became a monk
James of Aragon	1296–1334	James II of Aragon	Became a monk
Otto, Duke of Lolland and Estonia	1310–1346	Christopher II of Denmark	Forced to surrender claim to the throne
Eric XII of Sweden	1339–1359	Magnus VII of Norway	Became King of Sweden
Dmitry Ivanovich	1483–1509	Ivan III of Russia	Disinherited in favor of uncle Vasili III of Russia
Carlos, Prince of Asturias	1545–1568	Philip II of Spain	Arrested and imprisoned by his father; died in prison six months later
Yinreng	1674–1725	The Kangxi Emperor	Imprisoned for life by Kangxi for immorality and treason
Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia	1690–1718	Peter the Great of Russia	Imprisoned by his father and forced to relinquish his claim. Died in prison
Crown Prince Sado of Joseon (Korea)	1735–1762	Yeongjo of Joseon (Korea)	His father killed him by locking him in a rice chest
Philip, Duke of Calabria	1747–1777	Charles III of Spain	Intellectually disabled; removed from the line of succession
Pedro, Prince Imperial of Brazil	1825–1891	Pedro IV of Portugal	Became heir solely to Brazil
Mustafa Fazıl Pasha	1830–1875	Isma'il Pasha	Succession law changed to pass from father to son instead of brother to brother
Tengku Alam Shah	1846–1891	Sultan Ali of Johor	Throne given to kinsman instead
George, Crown Prince of Serbia	1887–1972	Peter I of Serbia	Abdicated his succession rights in 1909
Mohammad of Saudi Arabia	1910–1988	King Faisal ibn Abdul-Aziz	Forced to abdicate in 1965
Tunku Abdul Rahman (Tunku Mahkota of Johor)	1933–1989	Ismail of Johor	His elder brother Iskandar of Johor was reinstated after previously being forced to renounce his rights
Muqrin of Saudi Arabia	1945–	King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud	Removed as Crown Prince in April 2015; replaced by his nephew Muhammad bin Nayef
Hassan of Jordan	1947–	King Hussein of Jordan	He was replaced by his nephew Abdullah only days before the king died in 1999
Muhammad bin Nayef of Saudi Arabia	1959–	King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud	Removed as Crown Prince in June 2017; replaced by his cousin Mohammad bin Salman
Mishaal bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani	1972–	Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani	Renounced his claim in 1996 in favor of his younger half-brother, Sheikh Jasim
Jasim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani	1978–	Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani	Renounced his claim in 2003 in favor of his younger brother, Sheikh Tamim
Prince Carl Philip of Sweden	1979–	Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden	Swedish succession laws were changed in 1980. Carl Philip was supplanted by his elder sister Victoria
Prince Hamzah of Jordan	1980–	Abdullah II of Jordan	Title of Crown Prince removed in 2004. Hamzah was supplanted by his half-nephew Hussein

Heirs apparent of monarchs who themselves abdicated or were deposed

Heir apparent	Lived	Heir of	End of line/monarchy
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus	38–69	Galba	Assassinated in 69
Gaius Julius Verus Maximus	217–238	Maximinus Thrax	Assassinated in 238
Publius Licinius Egnatius Marinianus	249-268	Gallienus	Killed in 268
William fitz Duncan	1090–1147	Duncan II of Scotland	Duncan II was killed in battle in 1094
Edward Balliol	1283–1367	John Balliol	Abdicated following defeat in First War of Scottish Independence
John of Denmark	1518–1532	Christian II of Denmark	Christian II was deposed in 1523
Gustav of Sweden	1568–1607	Eric XIV of Sweden	Eric XIV was deposed in 1568
James Francis Edward Stuart	1688–1766	James II of England	James II was deposed 11 April 1689 for being Catholic
Prince David of Georgia	1767–1819	George XII of Georgia	Annexation by Russia
Louis-Antoine, Dauphin and Duke of Angoulême	1775–1844	Charles X of France	Abdicated jointly with his father on 2 August 1830
Louis-Charles, Dauphin of France	1785–1795	Louis XVI of France	French Revolution
Prince Constantine of Imereti	1789–1844	Solomon II of Imereti	Annexation by Russia
Gustav, Prince of Vasa	1799–1877	Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden	Gustav's whole family was excluded from the line of royal succession on 10 May 1809 by the Riksdag of the Estates, after the deposition of Gustav IV Adolf.
Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide y Huarte	1807–1866	Agustín I of Mexico	Deposed in 1823
Prince Philippe, Count of Paris	1838–1894	Louis Philippe I of France	Declaration of the Second Republic on 24 February 1848
Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover	1845–1923	George V of Hanover	Annexation by Prussia
Ernest, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal	1846–1925	Charles II, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal	Annexation by Prussia
William, Hereditary Prince of Nassau	1852–1912	Adolphe, Duke of Nassau	Annexation by Prussia
Louis Napoléon, Prince Imperial	1856–1879	Napoleon III of France	Napoleon III was deposed 4 September 1870 by the forces of the Third Republic
Crown Prince Gustaf of Norway	1858–1950	Oscar II of Norway	Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden
Agustín de Iturbide y Green	1863–1925	Maximilian I of Mexico	Maximilian executed in 1867
Abdülmecid II	1868–1944	Mehmed VI	Ottoman Empire dissolved in 1922.
Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta	1869–1931	Amadeo I of Spain	Abdicated in 1873
Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria	1869–1955	Ludwig III of Bavaria	German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro	1871–1939	Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš	Annexed by Serbia
Kaʻiulani	1875–1899	Liliuokalani	Annexation by the United States
Crown Prince William of Germany	1882–1951	Wilhelm II, German Emperor	Wilhelm was deposed by the German government on 9 November 1918
Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony	1893–1943	Frederick Augustus III of Saxony	German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Husain Bey, Crown Prince of Tunisia	1893–1969	Muhammad VIII al-Amin	Deposed in 1957
Heinrich XLV, Hereditary Prince Reuss Younger Line	1895–1945	Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line	German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Josias, Hereditary Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont	1896–1967	Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont	German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse	1896–1980	Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse, King-elect of Finland	Monarchy abolished in 1918
Prince Wilhelm of Urach	1897–1957	Mindaugas II of Lithuania	Monarchy abolished in 1918
Yi Un	1897–1970	Sunjong of Korea	Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
Nikolaus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Oldenburg	1897–1970	Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg	German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Muhammad Abdel Moneim	1899–1979	Abbas II of Egypt	Abbas II was deposed by the British for supporting the Ottomans in World War I
Georg Moritz, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Altenburg	1900–1991	Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg	German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia	1904–1918	Nicholas II of Russia	Nicholas abdicated on 2/15 March 1917 on behalf of both himself and his son. The monarchy was abolished 1 September 1917
Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse	1906–1937	Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse	German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	1906–1972	Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	German monarchies abolished November 1918
Alfonso, Prince of Asturias	1907–1938	Alfonso XIII of Spain	Alfonso XIII was deposed by the formation of the Second Spanish Republic on April 14, 1931. Prince Alfonso renounced his claim on 21 June 1933 so he could marry a commoner
Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin	1910–2001	Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin	German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Ghazi bin Faisal	1912–1939	Faisal I of Syria	Deposed in 1920
Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	1912–1988	William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	German monarchies abolished November 1918
Otto von Habsburg, Crown Prince of Austria, Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia	1912–2011	Charles I of Austria	Austria and Hungary abolished the monarchy in 1918.
'Abd al-Ilah	1913–1958	Ali of Hejaz	Deposed in 1925
Carol Victor, Hereditary Prince of Albania	1913–1973	William, Prince of Albania	Fled into exile in 1914
Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover	1914–1987	Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick	German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Amha Selassie	1916–1997	Haile Selassie of Ethiopia	Haile Selassie was overthrown in 1974 after being taken by communist Derg power
Hasan as-Senussi	1928–1992	Idris of Libya	1969 Libyan coup d'état
Vong Savang	1931–1978	Sisavang Vatthana	Monarchy abolished after Laotian Civil War
Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan	1934–	Mohammed Zahir Shah	Deposed in 1973
Bảo Long	1936–2007	Bảo Đại	State of Vietnam referendum, 1955
Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples	1937–	Umberto II of Italy	Italy abolished the monarchy on 12 June 1946, after Umberto II had reigned 33 days
Leka, Crown Prince of Albania	1939–2011	Zog of Albania	Two days after Leka's birth, Mussolini's Italy invaded Albania on 7 April 1939 and sent the royal family into exile
Crown Prince Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta	1943–	Tomislav II of Croatia	Tomislav II abdicated October 12, 1943 due to the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces, when Amedeo was only two weeks old
Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia	1945–	Peter II of Yugoslavia	Peter II was deposed by Yugoslavia's Constituent Assembly on 29 November 1945
Abdelaziz bin Ahmed Al Thani	1946–2008	Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani	Deposed in 1972
Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi II	1960–	The last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi	The Shah was overthrown by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979
Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece	1967–	Constantine II of Greece	Constantine II fled into exile shortly after Pavlos's birth, and the monarchy was abolished 1 June 1973
Paras, Crown Prince of Nepal	1971–	Gyanendra of Nepal	Gyanendra was deposed 28 May 2008 in favour of a republican government
Jean-Bédel Bokassa, Crown Prince of the Central African Empire	1973–	Jean-Bédel Bokassa	Deposed in 1979

References

^ See crown prince for more examples.

^ Proclamations of Accessions of British Sovereigns (1547-1952)

^ "King James’ Parliament: The succession of William and Mary - begins 13/2/1689" The History and Proceedings of the House of Commons: volume 2: 1680-1695 (1742), pp. 255-77. Accessed: 16 February 2007.

[1] See crown prince for more examples.

[2] Proclamations of Accessions of British Sovereigns (1547-1952)

[3] "King James’ Parliament: The succession of William and Mary - begins 13/2/1689" The History and Proceedings of the House of Commons: volume 2: 1680-1695 (1742), pp. 255-77. Accessed: 16 February 2007.

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