張全義

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張全義(852年-926年),本名言,一名居言,字國維,濮州臨濮(今山東鄄城西南)人,五代十國軍事人物,後唐時任中书令、河南尹,封齊王,鄴都之變時憂懼不食而卒,谥忠肃。
簡介
農民出身,早年在家鄉種田,後為縣吏,頗受縣令之侮辱,隧隨黄巢陷长安,黄巢以之为吏部尚书、水运使。
黄巢之亂結束後,投降河阳(今河南孟县东南)节度使诸葛爽,授泽州(今山西晋城)刺史。光啟二年(886年),諸葛爽病死,李罕之擁立其子諸葛仲方,與劉經爭奪洛陽澠池(今屬河南),李罕之駐兵洛口(洛河入黃河處,在今鞏義市東北)。劉經派張全義抵抗李罕之,張全義卻聯合李罕之反攻河陽(今河南孟縣),不勝,退到懷州(今河南沁陽)。李罕之得李克用之助,收復河陽。封張全義河南尹。
李罕之勇而無謀,性貪暴,不得人心,見張全義治理洛陽功效顯著,就罵張全義:“此田舍一夫兒!”經常向張全義勒索金錢,張全義故意表現得很軟弱,如數供給。文德元年(888年),張全義趁李罕之攻打河東晉州(今山西臨汾)、絳州(今山西新絳)時,領占河陽。張全義俘虜其全家,自任河陽節度使。李罕之得李克用之助,以三萬軍圍攻洛陽。張全義糧食且盡,僅食木屑為活,死在旦夕,不得已向朱溫求救。朱溫派大將丁會、牛存節解洛陽之圍,張全義自此依附朱溫。隨朱溫入唐,唐朝賜名全義。朱全忠篡唐後,避諱朱全忠,改名張宗奭。
张全义对朱温忠诚恭谨,乾化二年(912年),朱溫在蓨縣(今河北景縣)不敵符存審兵敗,返回洛陽至張全義的會節園,見張家的妻女頗有姿色,便強迫侍寢,张全义繼妻儲氏也被召來強與交歡。其子張繼祚對此憤恨不已,想手刄朱溫,被張全義苦苦勸阻,曰:“吾为李罕之兵围河阳,啖木屑以为食,惟有一马,欲杀以饷军,死在朝夕,而梁兵击之,得至今日,此恩不可忘也。”乃止。
朱溫建立後梁,以张全义为魏王,又兼任了河南尹。後梁滅亡,張全義再降後唐,特自洛阳往汴京迎接李存勗,又厚赂皇后劉玉娘,劉皇后拜為義父。以國丈之位,任中书令、河南尹,改封为齐王。
同光四年,(926年)天雄軍士兵皇甫暉煽動同袍,自稱「天雄軍馬步都指揮使」,斬殺主帥楊仁晸,立偏將趙在禮為大帥,攻下鄴都,是為鄴都之變。元行欽討賊無功,李存勗打算親自征討,全義推薦李嗣源前往平亂,嗣源至鄴都,被本部士兵挾持,與亂兵合流。全義憂懼不食而卒,谥忠肃。
王禹偁《五代史闕文》稱张全义“惟勤课劝,其实敛民附贼,以固恩宠”。
一女嫁朱温子福王朱友璋,一女嫁刘鄩子刘遂凝为继室,一女嫁左骁卫上将军致仕李肃。有弟张全恩。
參考書目
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