菊石






























菊石亞綱
化石时期：晚志留紀 至 白堊紀

Haeckel Ammonitida.jpg
各種菊石

保护状况

化石


科学分类 编辑
界：
动物界 Animalia
门：
軟體動物門 Mollusca
纲：
頭足綱 Cephalopoda
亚纲：
†菊石亞綱 Ammonoidea
Zittel, 1884

目



  • 菊石目 Ammonitida


  • 棱菊石目 Goniatitida


  • 齒菊石目 Ceratitida




菊石是一群已經滅絕的海洋生物總稱，隸屬於菊石亞綱（學名：拉丁語：Ammonoidea）。牠們約在志留紀晚期至泥盆紀初期第一次出現在地球上，最後與恐龍、箭石等生物一起於白堊紀晚期滅絕。由於菊石的演化速度很快，分布也很廣，非常適合作為標準化石，地質學家可以使用牠們來確定含有菊石化石的地層的年代。[1]菊石亞綱與現存的頭足綱關係最接近的可能是蛸亞綱，如章魚、烏賊和魷魚等，而不是與其外觀相似的鸚鵡螺亞綱鸚鵡螺目。




目录






  • 1 分類


  • 2 外觀


  • 3 生態


  • 4 化石


  • 5 參考文獻


  • 6 外部連結





分類


生物學家根據化石的殼室的結構與外殼的花紋，目前將菊石亞綱分成3個目：菊石目、棱菊石目和齒菊石目。其中菊石目分成四個已知的亞目，分別為菊石亞目（下侏羅紀至上白堊紀）、勾菊石亞目（上侏羅紀至上白堊紀）、葉菊石亞目（下三疊紀至上白堊紀）及弛菊石亞目（下侏羅紀至上白堊紀）。


在某些分類法中，菊石亞綱被分為8個目：




  • 菊石目 Ammonitida


  • 棱菊石目 Goniatitida


  • 齒菊石目 Ceratitida


  • 葉菊石目 Phylloceratida


  • 弛菊石目 Lytoceratida


  • 前碟菊石目 Prolecanitida


  • 無角菊石目 Agoniatitida ，即似古菊石目 Anarcestida


  • 海神石目 Clymeniida



外觀


大多數菊石的壳沿平面卷曲，呈盘状，两面对称，壳表面光滑或具细的生长线纹，有些具特殊的纹饰，如纵棱、横肋、瘤和刺等。牠們的體管（連接殼內各腔室的管）位於殼腹的外面。但也有些菊石的外殼擁有特殊的形狀，如殼形筆直的桿菊石、塔狀螺旋的塔菊石、不規則扭曲狀的日本菊石等。古生代菊石的骨縫是單一的，如海神石等；中生代菊石目菊石的骨縫則是複合的，如弛菊石等。[1]由於牠們已經滅絕，因此我們對菊石的軟體和生活習性知道的並不多，估計牠們有很多觸手來捕捉獵物[2]，且可能會噴墨汁來逃避掠食，因為一些化石標本保留了這些墨汁[3]，但在目前保存的化石標本中很少發現有咬顎、齒舌或墨囊等構造。[1]



生態


菊石一般漂浮在海水上层，下面经常是极其缺氧区域，没有生物。菊石死后，沉到海底，逐渐埋没。细菌分解遗体时候，把附近水中性质变化，降低矿物质溶解度，尤其是磷酸鹽和碳酸盐。



化石


参见：斑彩石

菊石化石上面有一圈一圈的矿物质，因此保存很多高质标本。在歐洲的中世紀時期，某些菊石的外殼化石被人們視為盤曲、石化的無頭蛇，稱為蛇石，例如指菊石等，商人們會在菊石的開口刻上蛇的頭後賣給旅者。[4]



參考文獻





  1. ^ 1.01.11.2 Walker, Cyril（英语：Cyril Walker (palaeontologist)）; Ward, David. Fossils. Smithsonian Handbooks revised, illustrated. Dorling Kindersley. 2002: 141. ISBN 0789489848. 


  2. ^ Wippich, M. G. E. Allocrioceras from the Cenomanian (mid-Cretaceous) of the Lebanon and its bearing on the palaeobiological interpretation of heteromorphic ammonites. Palaeontology. 2004, 47: 1093–1107. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00408.x. 


  3. ^ Doguzhaeva, Larisa A.; Royal H. Mapes; Herbert Summesberger; and Harry Mutvei. The Preservation of Body Tissues, Shell, and Mandibles in the Ceratitid Ammonoid Austrotrachyceras (Late Triassic), Austria. (编) N.H.Landman; 等. Cephalopods Present and Past: New Insights and Fresh Perspectives. Dordrecht: Springer. 2007: 221–238. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6806-5_11. ISBN 978-1-4020-6806-5.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link)


  4. ^ Walker, Cyril（英语：Cyril Walker (palaeontologist)）; Ward, David. Fossils. Smithsonian Handbooks revised, illustrated. Dorling Kindersley. 2002: 149. ISBN 0789489848. 




外部連結



  • 菊石化石

  • Cephalopod Fossil Articles from TONMO.com

  • Photos of Ammonites at Lyme Regis, UK

  • Paleozoic.org: Gallery of ammonite photographs

  • Descriptions and pictures of ammonite fossils




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