提督九門步軍巡捕五營統領




提督九門步軍巡捕五營統領，簡稱九門提督或者步軍統領，是清朝的驻燕京武官，主要负责京师守备和治安，类似今天的北京卫戍区司令员兼北京市公安局局长，但职权更大。九門提督统合北京内城九座城门（正阳门、崇文门、宣武门、安定门、德胜门、东直门、西直门、朝阳门、阜成门）内外的守卫和门禁，还负责巡夜、救火、编查保甲、禁令、缉捕、断狱等，实际为清朝皇室禁军的统领，品秩初为正二品，後於嘉慶年間升為从一品。




目录






  • 1 设立


  • 2 沿革


  • 3 参考文献


  • 4 外部链接


  • 5 参见





设立



  • 清顺治元年（1644年），清兵入关，定鼎燕京，设立了军警合一的军事机构——“步军统领衙门”，以繫京師防務與治安。主官为“步军统领”，辖制满、蒙八旗步军营及九门官兵，同时节制南北巡捕二营，即绿营马步兵。步军营主要防守内城，按八旗方位防守。巡捕营主要防守外城（也称南城）及郊区的重要地方。

  • 顺治十六年（1659年），清廷增设巡捕中营，仍由步军统领衙门主官节制，是为“提督九门步军巡捕三营统领”[1]。



沿革



  • 九门提督一职由于关乎京师防务，所以自设立以后主要由满族大臣担任。


  • 乾隆四十六年（1781年），清廷将巡捕三营（南、北、中）增为五营，皆为步军统领衙门节制，至此该衙门主官称谓正式变为“提督九门步军巡捕五营统领”。

  • 1900年八国联军攻入北京，设立安民公所，维持治安。八国联军进入北京前的最后一任步军统领是慈禧太后亲信荣禄。1901年清廷仿效联军方式，设“善后协巡营”，后来改名“巡警总厅”，替代原步军统领衙门的巡捕营。1902年肃亲王善耆任步军统领，支持军警分离的改革。1905年清廷正式创设巡警部，并开办现代警察学校，培养警察人才。自此，军警编制分离，现代警察制度初步创立。

  • 1911年辛亥革命后，北洋政府保留了这个官职，只是将其更名为“京师步军统领衙门”，辖左右翼总兵；1924年11月最终裁撤。



参考文献





  1. ^ 中国历史纪事 崇祯十七年




外部链接



  • 北京老城门

  • 俞玉储：步军统领衙门及其现存档案状况

  • 朱詠：试论清代北京地区的司法建制及其近代的变迁



参见





  • 顺天府

    • 明清北京城
      • 北京城门



  • 中国警察制度
















































































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