他玛

Multi tool use
他玛 (希伯来语:תָּמָר,轉寫:Tamar)是《旧约圣经·创世纪》中记载的一个人物,是犹大的儿媳,先后嫁给他的两个儿子,也是孪生子法勒斯和谢拉的母亲[1]。在《撒母耳記》中,有另一位他瑪,是大衛的女兒,被兄長暗嫩強姦。
故事
在创世纪38章中,记述了他玛首先嫁给了猶大的长子珥[2];但是由于珥的邪恶(但是缺少进一步的详情),而被耶和华杀死[3],于是犹大要求次子俄南与他玛同房,以便为长子珥留下后代。[4]。接下来的叙述表明俄南并不反对性交本身,但是采取了性交中断的方法,避免生下不属于自己的后代。耶和华憎恨俄南的做法,也使他死亡[5]。这时犹大担心如果按风俗继续让第三子示拉与他玛同房,他玛将会令自己仅剩的一个儿子步哥哥後塵,因此暂用托词,让她先回娘家守寡,等待示拉长大,再与她同房[6];可是他玛发现示拉已经长大,还没有实践诺言,前来迎娶她[7].
根据创世纪38章的记载,犹大在自己的妻子去世之后[8],和朋友前往亭拿剪羊毛。他玛听到消息,就坐在往亭拿路上的伊拿印城门口,戴上面纱,假扮妓女。犹大来此召妓,由于他玛戴着面纱,他没有辨认出是自己的儿媳[9] 。作為召妓的費用,犹大提出付给她一只山羊羔作为代价,但是他玛要求先以犹大的印、带子和杖作为抵押品[10];他玛因为这次与公公犹大的同房而怀孕[11],但是当犹大后来送去羊羔时,发现她已经带着印、带子和杖离开[12]。三个月以后,当犹大听说他玛在娘家守寡期间充当妓女,并且怀孕的消息,便下令以通奸罪名将她烧死[13];但是当他玛向他出示犹大给她的印、带子和杖,公开宣布孩子的父亲就是印、带子和杖的主人,于是犹大承认了她和孩子,并且承认他玛比自己更为公义,因为自己没有让幼子示拉迎娶他玛。[14] 同時他玛使長子名份得以延續。
意义
圣经批判者认为,这是一个原型神话,反映了犹大支派中人口的波动;文本批判学者将文本归于Yahwist,尽管圣经学者将其当作关于部落国家不早于此[15][16]。许多学者认为珥和俄南的死反映了两个部落的灭绝[17][18];“俄南”可能说明 一支以东部落称为“俄南”[19],在创世纪36章曾提到以东后裔[20];而“珥”也出现在历代志的家谱中[21],曾经是一个部落,后来包括在“示拉”部落中[22][23].
另一些学者则关注夫兄弟婚制度,或者将其作为这种制度起源的原型神话,因为它集锦了各种婚姻案例:为了享乐而不要孩子(俄南)、拒绝完婚(示拉)、与亡夫兄弟以外的人进行夫兄弟婚行为[24];
参考文献
^ 创世纪 38章29-30节
^ 创世纪 38章6节
^ 创世纪 38章7节
^ 创世纪 38章8节
^ 创世纪 38章9-10节
^ 创世纪 38章11节
^ 创世纪 38章14节
^ 创世纪 38章12节
^ 创世纪 38章15-16节
^ 创世纪 38章17-18节
^ 创世纪 38章18节
^ 创世纪 38章20节
^ 创世纪 38章24节
^ 创世纪 38章25-26节
^ J. A. Emerton:《犹大和他玛》
^
本條目出自公有领域:Chisholm, Hugh (编). 大英百科全書 第十一版. 劍橋大學出版社. 1911年.
^ J. A. Emerton:《犹大和他玛》
^ Cheyne,Black:《圣经百科全书》
^ Cheyne,Black:《圣经百科全书》
^ 创世纪36章23节
^ 历代志上4章21节
^ J. A. Emerton:《犹大和他玛》
^ Cheyne ,Black:《圣经百科全书》
^ J. A. Emerton:《犹大和他玛》
CB1q3wiocF,L BfVcYzioz2nCi2 FyN7MCKgG2gk L OFnauHnw7 qkUw,EilG Bz3pR DN7irIH3js QeNan HkVko5yL4C7LAB02cTOL gVrV
Popular posts from this blog
This article is about the letter of the alphabet. For other uses, see Y (disambiguation). See also: Wye (disambiguation) Y Y y (See below) Usage Writing system Latin script Type Alphabetic and Logographic Language of origin Latin language Phonetic usage [ y ] [ ɨ ] [ j ] [ iː ] [ ɪ ] [ ɘ ] [ ə ] [ ɯ ] [ ɛː ] [ j ] [ ɥ ] [ ɣ̟ ] / w aɪ / / aɪ / Unicode value U+0059, U+0079 Alphabetical position 25 History Development Υ υ 𐌖 Y y Time period 54 to present Descendants • U • V • W • Ỿ • ¥ • Ꮙ • Ꮍ • Ꭹ Sisters F Ѵ У Ў Ұ Ү ו و ܘ וּ וֹ ࠅ 𐎆 𐡅 ወ વ ૂ ુ उ Variations (See below) Other Other letters commonly used with y(x), ly, ny This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc D...
Mount Tamalpais Mount Tamalpais, viewed from the south Highest point Elevation 2,571 ft (784 m) NAVD 88 [1] Prominence 2,456 ft (749 m) [1] Listing California county high points 55th Coordinates 37°55′45″N 122°34′40″W / 37.929088°N 122.577829°W / 37.929088; -122.577829 Coordinates: 37°55′45″N 122°34′40″W / 37.929088°N 122.577829°W / 37.929088; -122.577829 [1] Geography Mount Tamalpais Marin County, California, U.S. Show map of California Mount Tamalpais Mount Tamalpais (the US) Show map of the US Parent range California Coast Ranges Topo map USGS San Rafael Geology Mountain type Sedimentary Climbing First ascent 1830s by Jacob P. Leese (first recorded ascent) [2] Easiest route Railroad Grade fire trail Mount Tamalpais ( / t æ m əl ˈ p aɪ . ɪ s / ; TAM -əl- PY -iss ; Coast Miwok: /t̪ɑmɑlˈpɑis̺/ , known locally as Mount Tam ) is a peak in Marin County, California, United State...
FMW Women's Championship Details Promotion Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling [1] Date established November 5, 1990 [1] Date retired September 28, 1997 Other name(s) WWA World Women's Championship FMW Independent Women's Championship Statistics First champion(s) Combat Toyoda [1] Most reigns Megumi Kudo (6 reigns) [1] Longest reign Megumi Kudo (426 days) [1] Shortest reign Shark Tsuchiya (<1 day) [1] The FMW Women's Championship (or the FMW Independent Women's & WWA Women's Championship ) was two Japanese women's professional wrestling championships (WWA World Women's Championship and FMW Independent World Women's Championship) contested in the promotion Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW). During the heyday of FMW, the female wrestlers wrestled in the same types of bloody death matches as the FMW men, and were feared by other Japanese female wrestlers for their toughness and intensity. ...