水合物





Confusion grey.svg  提示：本条目的主题不是水配合物。



无水氯化亞钴CoCl2




水合氯化亞钴Co(H2O)6Cl2


水合物（Hydrate）指的是含有水的化合物，其范围相当广泛。其中水可以是配位与其他部分相连，如水合金属离子，也可以是以共价键相结合，如水合三氯乙醛。


粉红色的水合氯化钴加热失水生成蓝色的无水物，无水物吸水又变成粉红色的水合物，因此用于硅胶中。


它是天然气中某些组分于水分在一定温度、压力条件下形成的白色晶体，外观类似致密的冰雪，密度为0.88至0.90 g/cm3。研究表明，水合物是一种笼形晶体包络物，水分子借氢键结合形成笼形结晶，气体分子被包围在晶格之中。



结构


低分子的气体的水合物为体心立方晶格，较大的气体分子则是类似于金刚石的晶体结构。化合物从其组成离子的水溶液中结晶出来时，所得到的晶体往往是天然气水合物结构。天然气水合物结构水合物。所以水合物并不是简单的与水混合，水合物也是纯净物。



分类


水合物化学式具有确定数目的水分子，其结构大体可分为4类：



  1. 全部 H2O分子配位于金属阳离子。例如，六水合物Co(ClO4)2·6 H2O中的6个H2O分子全部配位于Co2+离子, 可将其写成[Co(H2O)6](ClO4)2。

  2. 部分 H2O分子配位于金属阳离子，部分 H2O分子键合于酸根阴离子。例如CuSO4·5 H2O中的 H2O分子。


  3.  H2O分子进入固体晶格的确定位置，不与特定的阳离子或阴离子键合。这种化合物中的水分子叫晶格水，例如BaCl2·2 H2O中的水分子。

  4. 一部分 H2O分子与阳离子配位，另一部分则是晶格水。明矾KAl(SO4)2·12 H2O似乎[來源請求]具有这种结构。


最后还应该提到水合包合物。它们应该归入水合物, 但却不是从其组成离子的水溶液中结晶出来的化合物。它们是 H2O分子彼此间通过氢键形成笼，将外来的电中性分子或离子包于笼内而得到的一类水合物。例如Cl2(H2O)7.25和“可燃冰”。



参见


  • 水合物列表



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