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Linocut is a printmaking technique, a variant of woodcut in which a sheet of linoleum (sometimes mounted on a wooden block) is used for a relief surface. A design is cut into the linoleum surface with a sharp knife, V-shaped chisel or gouge, with the raised (uncarved) areas representing a reversal (mirror image) of the parts to show printed. The linoleum sheet is inked with a roller (called a brayer), and then impressed onto paper or fabric. The actual printing can be done by hand or with a printing press.

Origins

Although linoleum is a floor covering that dates to the 1860s, the linocut printing technique was used first by the artists of Die Brücke in Germany between 1905 and 1913, where it had been similarly used for wallpaper printing.

Technique

Using a handheld gouger to cut a design into linoleum for a linocut print

Linocut printing; using a design cut into linoleum to make a print on paper

Since the material being carved has no directional grain and does not tend to split, it is easier to obtain certain artistic effects with lino than with most woods, although the resultant prints lack the often angular grainy character of woodcuts and engravings. Lino is generally diced, much easier to cut than wood, especially when heated, but the pressure of the printing process degrades the plate faster and it is difficult to create larger works due to the material's fragility.

Linocuts can also be achieved by the careful application of arts on the surface of the lino. This creates a surface similar to a soft ground etching and these caustic-lino plates can be printed in either a relief, intaglio or a viscosity printing manner.

Colour linocuts can be made by using a different block for each colour as in a woodcut, but, as Pablo Picasso demonstrated, such prints can also be achieved using a single piece of linoleum in what is called the 'reductive' print method. Essentially, after each successive colour is imprinted onto the paper, the artist then cleans the lino plate and cuts away what will not be imprinted for the subsequently applied colour.^[1]

Due to ease of use, linocut is widely used in schools to introduce children to the art of printmaking, using it to complete many tasks in the art lesson rather than going straight for the pencil and eraser; similarly, non-professional artists often cut lino rather than wood for printing. However, in the contemporary art world the linocut is an established professional print medium, following its use by Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse.

Emergence of the technique in America

In 1911 “linoleum art” was first displayed in New York City by the Czech émigré Vojtěch Preissig. In his publications on linocuts (1926-29) the respected American printmaker, Pedro Joseph de Lemos, simplified the methods for art schools and introduced new techniques for color linocuts, including the printing of the key block first.^[2] The first large-scale colour linocuts made by an American artist were created ca. 1943–45 by Walter Inglis Anderson, and exhibited at the Brooklyn Museum in 1949. Today, linocut is a popular technique among street artists and street art-related fine art.

Selected artists

"Born in the Soviet Union". Linocut by Peeter Allik.

• 
  Peeter Allik, Estonian artist


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  Valenti Angelo, American printmaker and illustrator


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  Walter Inglis Anderson American artist


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  Sybil Andrews English-Canadian artist


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  Hans Anton Aschenborn, German painter


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  Georg Baselitz, German artist


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  Torsten Billman, Swedish artist


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  Emma Bormann, Austrian printmaker and painter


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  Horace Brodzky, Australian/British artist


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  Angel Botello, Spanish-Puerto Rican artist


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  Carlos Cortez, American poet and artist


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  David Call, American Deaf artist


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  Stanley Donwood, British artist


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  Yvonne Drewry, English artist


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  Janet Doub Erickson, American printmaker and artist


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  M. C. Escher, Dutch artist


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  Bill Fick, American printmaker and illustrator


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  Folly Cove Designers American design collective


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  Jacques Hnizdovsky, Ukrainian American artist


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  Helmi Juvonen, American artist


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  William Kermode, Australian illustrator


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  Gaga Kovenchuk, Russian artist


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  Henri Matisse, French painter


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  Pablo Picasso, Spanish painter


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  Cyril Edward Power, English artist]


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  Zbigniew Rabsztyn, painter, graphic artist, draftsman, cartoonist, caricaturist, illustrator and poster painter


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  Everett Ruess, American painter, printmaker, writer, and poet


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  Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, German Printmaker and Painter^[3]
  


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  John Shaw, American/Canadian painter and printmaker


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  Irena Sibley, Australian artist, children's book author, and art teacher


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  James Blanding Sloan, American printmaker, educator, and theatrical designer


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  Ken Sprague (cartoonist), English artist and activist


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  Hannah Tompkins, American artist and printmaker


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  Tom Hazelmyer, American artist


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  Gwen Frostic, American artist, poet, printmaker, writer

See also

• Block printing


• Gyotaku


• Letterboxing


• Printmaking


• Rubber stamp


• Through and through


• Woodcut

References

Further reading

• Rice, William S., Block Prints: How to Make Them, Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company, 1941.


• Draffin, Nicholas, Australian Woodcuts and Linocuts of the 1920s and 1930s, South Melbourne: Sun Books, 1976.


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  30 Awesome and Fabulous Examples of Lino Printing articles by Artatm Creative Art Mazazine


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  photo series: Linocut articles by German printmaker Joachim Graf

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Linocut.

Look up linocut in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Large scale hand printed linocut video